Improving Portfolio Diversification and After-Tax Returns in a Rising Interest Rate/High Tax Environment Through the Use of Life Insurance Solutions

Summary: The efficient frontier states that the optimal allocation of stocks and bonds in a portfolio optimizes the expected return of a portfolio for a given level of risk. However, the different taxation requirements of these assets can result in a different optimal allocation on an after-tax basis particularly in a high tax/low-yield environment. By properly utilizing tax-advantaged tools like life insurance, advisors can create more diversified portfolios with greater risk-adjusted returns on an after-tax basis.

Traditional asset allocation models have long since consisted of a mixture of stocks and bonds with a heavy allocation to stocks when clients are younger and an increasing allocation to bonds as clients get older.

The idea between this type of portfolio allocation rests on the belief that a loss on the equity portfolio can be offset by gains in the bond portfolio and vice versa. Hence, to maximize the return of a portfolio relative to its risk, there is an optimal allocation of stocks and bonds that maximize the return-to-risk ratio. This is known as the efficient frontier.

However, the ability to use bonds as a diversification tool is dependent on the interest rate environment. A low interest rate environment, like the one we’re in now, poses a significant amount of risk to the ability to use bonds as a hedge against equity volatility for the following reasons:

• In a low-interest rate environment, the low yield of the bond portfolio does not generate enough income to make the hedge effective. An efficient-frontier in a low-yield environment makes a 100% equity allocation almost universally outperform a mixed allocation portfolio particularly when after-tax returns are analyzed with a negligible increase in risk. (See Figure 1)
• Bonds generate yield which are taxed at high ordinary income rates, whereas equity investments can defer most gains until realized and even then are taxed at lower capital gains rates. The tax-inefficiency of investing in both a low-yield and highly taxable asset further degrades the ability of bonds to act as a hedge against equity risk.
• A low-yield environment makes bond portfolio allocations increasingly sensitive to increases in the interest rate. Allocating to low-yield bonds now will result in heavy losses in the future if interest rates rise. (See Figure 2)
• If low-interest rates are driving high P/E ratios in the equity markets, then investors are paying high equity prices today for future earnings tomorrow. If interest rates rise, then the value of these future earnings would lose value in the eyes of investors today and equity prices would drop along with bond prices. Hence, there would be a greater correlation between bond prices and equity markets thereby reducing the value of the hedge.

Figure 1: Optimal Asset Allocations in a Normal vs Low Bond Yield Environment on an After-Tax Basis

Figure 2: Loss in Price of Bonds after a 1% Increase in Rates

The low-yield, interest-rate risk, tax-inefficiency, and correlation issues reduce the viability of using bonds as a traditional hedge against equity risk in this environment. The construction of portfolios going forward therefore needs to both focus on replacing bond allocations in the portfolio with higher risk-adjusted investment opportunities with negative or low correlation and/or focus on reducing the tax-drag of the entire portfolio. Reducing tax-drag can be accomplished through enhanced asset location strategies.

The concept of asset location—placing tax-inefficient assets within structures that minimize the tax-drag—is not a novel one. For decades fee-only financial advisors have been using the tax-advantages of IRA accounts to shield investors from income taxes during their high income earning years or using complicated estate planning strategies like Grantor Annuity Trusts (GRATs) and Intentionally Defective Grantor Trusts (IDGTs) to shield investors from estate taxes.

However, one structure that combines the income tax-saving benefits of retirement accounts with the estate tax-saving benefits of grantor trust strategies—while materially enhancing the tax-savings of both of them—is the use of permanent life insurance.

Permanent life insurance can improve the after-tax, risk-adjusted returns of portfolios through the following ways

Increasing after-tax bond portfolio returns by investing in long-term bonds without interest rate risk:

While long-term bonds offer higher returns than short-term bonds, most wealth managers avoid allocating to long-term bonds in place of shorter term bonds since longer term bonds are exposed to more interest rate risk (See Figure 2). However, life insurance products like universal life insurance, whole life insurance, and fixed annuities offer the ability for clients to invest in long-term bonds through the insurance vehicle without the interest rate risk. In exchange for offering clients access to higher yielding bonds without interest rate risk, the insurance companies earn a spread between what the long-term bond portfolio is earning and what the insurance company is crediting to the client’s account. With whole life insurance, clients receive equity dividends in the later years as well. In the case of universal life insurance and whole life insurance, these returns are also tax-free.

Increasing equity allocations while minimizing volatility:

As demonstrated in Figure 1, in a low-yield environment investors can increase the expected return of the portfolio over the long-term with minimal costs to expected long-term volatility by increasing the equity allocation of a portfolio. However, that doesn’t protect against short-term volatility as an increasing equity allocation exposes them to more risk in the short-term. This is particularly risky for older clients in or near retirement as it exposes them to sequence-of-return risk as they start making withdrawals from their portfolios. Increasing the equity allocation for such clients exposes them to increased short-term risk which they may not recover from.

One way to create a greater risk-adjusted profile for the client is to take a portion of the portfolio that would be allocated to short-term bonds (in order to minimize interest rate risk) and allocate it to an indexed annuity or indexed universal life policy. An indexed annuity or indexed universal life insurance policy allows clients the ability to earn equity returns up to a cap while being protected from losses. This type of indexed return with a cap and a floor allows for clients to participate in the higher returns of the equity market without the full volatility. In a low bond-yield environment, this can provide higher risk-adjusted returns than investing directly in short-term bonds.

However, permanent life insurance is rarely utilized as a financial planning tool by fee-only fiduciary advisors for the following reasons:

• Not all permanent insurance products are the same and some can have significantly more expenses than others. Since fee-only financial advisors don’t have the expertise to evaluate or manage insurance risk they often can’t tell the bad products from the good ones and as a result they tend to stay away from the vehicle entirely.
• Combining insurance risk with investment risk requires specialized insurance expertise in order to actively manage the insurance risk. Fee-only advisors currently don’t have insurance expertise nor do they have a way of being compensated for this expertise if they did. Most life insurance products are commissionable products which fee-only advisors can’t get compensated for. Even if it’s better for the client to invest their money through the insurance vehicle than invest it directly with the advisor, the advisor would have to recommend that the client take AUM away from the fee-only advisor and invest it in the insurance product which the advisor can’t get compensated on. The conflict of interest here is too large to overcome for RIAs to utilize life insurance solutions as part of their client solutions.

Since most fee-only RIAs aren’t willing to implement life insurance solutions, if clients see the value of life insurance as part of their financial plan they are forced to look for the solution outside of the confines of their fee-only fiduciary advisor. And this is where the problem starts.

Most permanent life insurance products are sold through life insurance agents who typically receive up to 100% of the first year premium as a commission and a small percent of any premiums clients pay in subsequent years. This is in stark contrast to fee-only fiduciary advisors who receive ~1% of the investment amount for each year that the client keeps their assets with them. So if you give $100,000 to a life insurance company, the agent that sold the policy will receive a $100,000 that first year and very little after that. If you give $100,000 to a fiduciary fee-only financial advisor, that individual will receive $1,000 up front and 1% annually for as long as the client chooses to stay invested with that financial advisor.

The incentives between these two parties are fundamentally different. The life insurance agent is incentivized to get the client to dump as much money in the first year as possible. In the second year that same life insurance agent is incentivized to get clients to dump more money into a new policy that generates a new 100% commission rate as opposed to an existing policy that would earn only a 1%-3% commission rate. There is no incentive for the insurance agent to manage an existing life insurance policy as opposed to trying and sell a new policy to that client even if keeping the older policy would be better for the client.

This is problematic because the life insurance company is selling an investment product with a long investment horizon that needs to be actively managed while incentivizing the sale of it through large short-term commissions. At some point in the long investment horizon of the permanent life insurance product, the client will need someone to help them manage the life insurance risk embedded in the policy. If they don’t, then this life insurance risk will eat up the returns of the policy and negate any tax-savings that the client had hoped to obtain from deciding to purchase the policy in the first place.

In the worst case, improper management of the insurance risk can force clients to cancel the policy at which point they will be hit with huge surrender charges (the insurance company has to make up for the large upfront commission it paid the agent in the first year somehow and this is typically the way they do it). These surrender charges can last for as long as 15-20 years. These large surrender charges can result in clients losing their entire investment. In fact, according to Society of Actuaries lapse studies, nearly 50% of purchasers of permanent life insurance will cancel their policy within the first 10 years—most of whom will be hit with this large surrender charge.

Policy owners that cancel the policy early like this will essentially receive a horrible return on investment and may not even get back their original capital. In such cases policy owners did not acquire a “tax-free long-term investment”, but instead will end up having spent a large amount of money paying for an extremely expensive term life insurance policy that they could have acquired for pennies on the dollar.

In order for policy owners to benefit from the “tax-free” investment benefits, they must both find a way to manage the insurance risk in order to keep the insurance expenses low AND keep the policy for life. In other words, policy owners need a fiduciary financial advisor to help them manage this risk as part of their life long financial and investment plan. But the fiduciary financial advisors aren’t incentivized to help clients do this and are essentially leaving these clients to fend for themselves as they search for help from life insurance agents who are excessively incentivized to sell these clients a bad product that maximizes the agent’s commission at the expense of the client.

The goal of this series on permanent life insurance is two-fold

1. Show fee-only financial advisors how they can utilize life insurance vehicles right now for wealthy individuals to create better risk-adjusted and tax-efficient portfolio solutions for their clients.

Fee-only financial advisors that work with UHNW clients can implement these solutions and charge their fee on the assets in the same way they charge their fee on assets in a tax-advantaged retirement account. This is a win for both the client and their RIA. This will be covered in the article on no-commission annuities as well as the private placement life insurance (PPLI) article. However, for less wealthy clients, there is currently no way for fee-only advisors to get compensated for these solutions even if it is in the best interest of the client. The goal here is simply to demonstrate to the larger financial-advisory community how these products can provide better financial planning solutions than their current strategies with the hopes that by utilizing these strategies fee-only advisors can provide added value to their clients and differentiate themselves from their competitors.

2. Demonstrate the value of using permanent life insurance as a financial planning tool for asset location purposes similar to how tax-advantaged retirement accounts are utilized and establish the need for a direct-to-RIA distribution channel for life insurance products.

As discussed previously, the concept of asset location is not a new one. The problem is that fiduciary financial advisors aren’t appreciating how they can fully utilize life insurance as a prime asset location tool. This is of increasing importance given that wealthy clients, i.e. the ideal clients for fiduciary financial advisors, are typically limited in their ability to contribute to tax-advantaged retirement plans but could contribute millions of dollars to tax-free life insurance plans.

The ultimate hope is that both the RIA community and life insurance companies will realize that a long-term product like permanent life insurance shouldn’t be sold through a channel that incentivizes short-term sales through large upfront commissions at the expense of the end consumer. Doing so provides no incentive for the distributor of the insurance product (i.e. the life insurance salesman) to provide necessary insurance management over the life of the policy. In fact, all the incentives are aligned for insurance salesman to sell the insurance product with the highest upfront commission—which not coincidentally tends to also have the highest expenses and are therefore worse for the client.

This is exactly why the words “life insurance” or “life insurance agent” invoke negative visceral reactions from the broader financial community. The life insurance salesman’s business model revolves around constantly finding new clients to sell high commission and high expense products to.

The commission-based life insurance salesman doesn’t have a long-term vested interest in the client—whereas an RIA who is charging an ongoing management fee does. The fee-only RIA’s business model revolves around continually trying to provide value to clients so they can continue to charge their fee every year.

This is exactly why life insurance should be utilized by fee-only RIAs as a tax-advantaged financial planning tool and not sold by highly commissioned agents. Furthermore, creating a fee-only RIA product that pays a small fee over the life of the product instead of a large one-time upfront commission is better for the end client. Life insurance products that pay large upfront commissions also have to have high expenses in the early years that drags down long-term returns for clients. A smaller commission over the life of the product would result in significantly lower insurance expenses in the product that would result in greater long-term returns for policyowners.

As we dive into how to utilize life insurance as a financial planning tool over the next few articles, I’m hopeful that the following will happen:

1. Fee-only RIAs will realize that investing in bonds through life insurance products (even if they have a high upfront commission) may be better for the client than the RIA investing in bonds directly through a taxable account that exposes them to interest rate risk and charging their fee on those assets for the life of the client.
2. HNW clients will realize the value of utilizing life insurance as a financial planning tool and demand that any RIA they work with have proper expertise in this area.
3. Fee-only RIAs will start to utilize life insurance as a financial planning tool and will start to demand that life insurance carriers provide products that allow them to get paid for managing the assets in the vehicle over time instead of the insurance agent earning a high upfront commission.

Series overview

In this series we will discuss how the following life insurance solutions can provide greater after-tax returns for the fixed income portion of a client’s portfolio simply by using life insurance as an investment vehicle to protect the client from interest rate risk and high taxation on the gains:

Life insurance solutions can create greater after-tax fixed income returns by protecting clients from interest rate risk and taxation